EssayBark -Excellent Writing Services

 6.Punctuation 

◊ Do not use “emphasis in original”

• If multiple paragraphs occur within a continuous

block, the first paragraph should

have no indent, but subsequent paragraphs

should be marked by indents rather than extra

leading

(e) Change the case of the initial letter of a quote to

fit the sentence without using brackets (Chicago

11.35)

(f) When a quotation that is run into the text in the

typescript is converted to a block quotation, the

quotation marks enclosing it are dropped, and interior

quotation marks are changed accordingly

(from Chicago 11.35):

• The narrator then breaks in: “Imagine Bart’s

surprise, dear reader, when Emma turned

to him and said, contemptuously, ‘What

“promise”?’ ”

becomes

The narrator then breaks in:

Imagine Bart’s surprise, dear reader,

when Emma turned to him and said, contemptuously,

“What ‘promise’?”

(g) Spelling and punctuation corrections

• Leave all spellings and punctuation alone in

quotes; use [sic] only if necessary, and give

an explanation in text if absolutely necessary

(h) Do not use initial or final ellipses

(i) Do not use quotes for yes or no except in direct

discourse (Chicago 11.44)

8. Running Text

(a) Abbreviations

• Do not use in narrative text in most cases
• Ampersands: replace all “&” with “and”
• In scholarly works:

◊ Only abbreviate in parentheses: (i.e.,

e.g., etc.)

◊ Spell out in text: that is, for example,

et cetera, and so forth

(b) Articles in titles

• Drop or romanize articles in titles (a, the)

from text

◊ In 1998, a New York Times op-ed

piece indicated

◊ The Washington Post article contends

(c) Avoid gender-related language

• Never use “s/he,” “him/her,” or “his/her.” Use

“he or she” or rewrite as plural to avoid.

• See Casey Miller and Kate Swift’s The Handbook

of Nonsexist Writing (New York: Lippincott

and Crowell, 1980)

(d) Commas

• Use serial commas
• Use a comma to separate the clauses of a

compound sentence but not a compound

subject or a compound predicate unless

there are three or more elements

• Use commas around parenthetical elements

(e) Dialogue

• Spell out names on first occurrence and then

use initials on subsequent occurrences:

Ruth Benedict:

Franz Boas:

RB:

FB:

(f) Lists

• Run lists into text with (1), (2), (3), etc. Do

not use (a), (b), (c), etc.

American Anthropological Association 2009 Style Guide

5

• Use pairs of parentheses, not singles

(g) Spaces between initials

• T. S. Eliot, H. L. Mencken

(h) Spelling

• Use the first spelling in Webster’s unless otherwise

noted

9. Tables, Figures, and Appendixes

(a) Table and figure widths depend on the size of the

journal. Ensure that all text and figures are sized

to fit within the margin limitations of submitting

journal or contact your journal’s production editor

at Wiley-Blackwell for verification.

(b) Every table and figure should have a callout in running

text:

• This year’s annual meeting survey showed

a sharp increase in caffeine consumption

[Place Table 1 here].

(c) Place appendixes at the end of the article, after references

cited

10. Text Citations and References Cited

(a) All references must be cited in author–date form;

all author–date citations must be referenced

(b) Alphabetization

• References with the same author and date

should be placed in alphabetical order, by title

(c) Citations

• Place text citations as near the author’s name

as possible, except place quotation citations

after the quote

• Use colon, no space, between year and page

number (exception to Chicago)

◊ Waterman 1990:3–7

• Use “et al.” in text citations of three or more

authors, but use all names in references

cited

• Use full first names where possible for authors

and editors (but do not force if author

goes by initials)

• Where citing an author, put the year in parentheses,

but where citing a work, leave the

year (and page numbers, if applicable) in the

running text

◊ Author: Smith (1990) eloquently describes

the material.

◊ Work: Smith 1990 contains an analysis

of the material.

(d) Do not use ibid. for repeated references

(e) Notes

• Where citing a note or notes, use

◊ (Boulifa 1990:10 n. 12, 24 nn. 12–13)

(f) Works in production or near publication

• Text citations: in press; n.d.
• References cited: In press; N.d.

(g) Reprinted material

• Where citing reprinted material, use date

from work used in text citations and insert

all dates in references cited list

◊ Text citations: (Webber 1994)

◊ References cited: Webber 1994[1849]

(h) States (Chicago 15.29; 17.100)

• Spell out state names in text
• Do not use state name with city of publication

in references unless the city is obscure

or there are several with the same name

• Where state name is used in notes, references

cited, tables, or addresses, use two-letter

postal code abbreviations (e.g., AL, TX, DC)

(i) Translations

• In references where the author also is the

translator use: Victor Hugo, ed. and trans.

(j) Volumes

• If a volume is the only one referenced in the article,

then include its number in references cited

and omit its number from the text citation

• Cite a specific volume of a referenced work by

inserting the volume number after the year

◊ (Waterman 1990, vol. 2:3–7)

(k) Multiple places of publication

• Where there are two places of publication

for a reference, use only the first. •

American Anthropological Association 2009 Style Guide

6

1. Orthography

• Acronyms: do not spell out common acronyms:

AFL-CIO; CIA; FBI; HIV/AIDS; HMO; IMF;

NASA; NATO; NGO; UNESCO; UNICEF; USAID;

WHO; WTO

• America or American: For clarity use the noun

United States and the adjective U.S. unless a wider

region is intended

• and/or: never use
• anti-inflammatory
• archaeology; exception is AAA’s section Archeology

Division

• Arctic (n.), arctic (adj.)
• audio-recorded, audio-recording, audiovisual
• basketmakers (artisans), Basket Maker (cultural

period)

• besides
• bride-price (per Webster’s)
• bridewealth (per Webster’s)
• ca. (circa, per Chicago)
• Classic Maya
• cross-gender
• coresident, coworker
• database
• de-emphasize
• early-century, late-century
• e-mail, Internet, online, website
• fax
• field notes, fieldwork, fieldworker
• full-time, part-time (hyphenate in any position as adj.)
• health care systems; but federal and state healthcare

systems (hyphenate only for clarity)

• a historical study (not an historical study), a hotel
• Letters as shapes: Leave normal font—that is, do

not use with sans serif typeface—in cases such as

U-shaped, L-shaped

• lifespan, lifestyle, lifeworld
• Ligatures: Do not use except in an Old English language

piece

• m.y.a. (million years ago), B.P. (before the present,

calibrated), b.p. (before the present, uncalibrated)

• nation-making, nation-building (exception to Chicago)
• the Netherlands; but The Hague (per Webster’s)
• non-kin (hyphenate to avoid confusion)
• participant-observation
• rain forest (per Webster’s)
• re-create (create again)
• semi-independent, semi-indirect (use hyphens for

double vowels, except as in Webster’s)

• September 11; September 11, 2001; 9/11 (not September

11th or September 11th, 2001)

• Split infinitives (Chicago 5.106)

◊ Although from about 1850 to 1925 many

grammarians stated otherwise, it is now

widely acknowledged that adverbs sometimes

justifiably separate the “to” from the

principal verb {they expect to more than

double their income next year}.

• sub-Saharan
• toward (not towards)
• Teotihuacan (Nahuatl, without accent on last a;

Spanish, with accent)

• underway (adj.); under way (adv.)
• unselfconscious
• worldview •

American Anthropological Association 2009 Style Guide

7

III. Reference Examples

1. Single-Author Book

Castles, Stephen

1990 Here for Good. London: Pluto Press.

2. Coauthored Book

Bonacich, Edna, and John Modell

1975 The Economic Basis of Ethnic Solidarity: Small

Business in the Japanese American Community.

Berkeley: University of California Press.

3. Author, with Others

(cite first author in text citations)

Bonacich, Edna, with Mark Smith and Kathy Hunt

1999 The Economic Basis of Ethnic Solidarity: Small

Business in the Japanese American Community.

Berkeley: University of California Press.

4. Multiple References in the Same Year

(alphabetize by title)

Gallimore, Ronald

1983a A Christmas Feast. New York: Oxford University

Press.

1983b Holiday Gatherings in the Pacific Northwest.

Berkeley: University of California Press.

5. Work Accepted for Publication

Spindler, George

In press In Pursuit of a Dream: The Experience of

Central Americans Recently Arrived in the United

States. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

6. Work Submitted for Publication

or Unpublished Work

Smith, John

N.d. Education and Reproduction among Turkish

Families in Sydney. Unpublished MS, Department

of Education, University of Sydney.

7. Materials in Archives

Egmont Manuscripts

N.d. Phillips Collection. University of Georgia Library,

Athens.

Davidson, William A.

N.d. “On several occasions she would even join in

our discussions.” Untitled paper, John P. Gillin Papers:

Box 10.1. Peabody Museum Archives, Harvard

University, Cambridge, MA.

Ambasamudram Taluk

1879 Settlement Register, Tirunleveli District. Archived

material, Madras Archives, Chennai (Madras),

Tamilnadu, India.

8. Chapter in Book with Editor(s)

Rohlen, Thomas P.

1993 Education: Policies and Prospects. In Koreans

in Japan: Ethnic Conflicts and Accommodation.

Cameron Lee and George De Vos, eds. Pp. 182–

222. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Price, T. Douglas

1984 Issues in Paleolithic and Mesolithic Research.

In Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later

Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia. Gail Larsen

Peterkin, Harvey M. Bricker, and Paul Mellars,

eds. Pp. 241–244. Archeological Papers of the

American Anthropological Association, 4. Arlington,

VA: American Anthropological Association.

9. Editor as Author

Diskin, Martin, ed.

1970 Trouble in Our Backyard: Central America in

the Eighties. New York: Pantheon Books.

10. Article in Journal

Moll, Luis C.

2000 Writing as Communication: Creating Strate-

American Anthropological Association 2009 Style Guide

8

gic Learning Environments for Students. Theory

into Practice 25(3):202–208.

11. Article in Journal, Special or Theme

Issue

Heriot, M. Jean

1996 Fetal Rights versus the Female Body: Contested

Domains. Theme issue, “The Social Production

of Authoritative Knowledge in Pregnancy

and Childbirth,” Medical Anthropology Quarterly

10(2):176–194.

Heriot, M. Jean, ed.

1996 The Social Production of Authoritative Knowledge

in Pregnancy and Childbirth. Theme issue,

Medical Anthropology Quarterly 10(2).

12. Book in Series

Singh, Balwant

1994 Independence and Democracy in Burma,

1945–1952: The Turbulent Years. Michigan Papers

on South and Southeast Asia, 40. Ann Arbor:

University of Michigan Press.

13. One Volume in Multivolume Work

Clutton-Brock, Juliet, and Caroline Grigson, eds.

1986 Animals and Archaeology, vol. 1: Hunters and

Their Prey. BAR International Series, 163. Oxford:

British Archaeological Reports.

1998 The Practice of Everyday Life, vol. 2: Living

and Cooking. Rev. edition. Luce Giard, ed. Timothy

1. Tomasik, trans. Minneapolis: University of

Minnesota Press.

14. Review

Trueba, Henry T.

1999 Review of Beyond Language: Social and Cultural

Factors in Schooling Language Minority

Students. Anthropology and Education Quarterly

17(2):255–259.

Barret, Rusty

2001 Review of Handbook of Language and Ethnic

Identity. In Journal of Linguistic Anthropology

12(2). Electronic document, http://www.aaanet.

org/sla/jla/toc/toc12_2.htm, accessed December

3, 2002.

15. Report

Kamehameha Schools

1977 Results of the Minimum Objective System,

1975–1976. Technical Report, 77. Honolulu: Kamehameha

Schools, Kamehameha Elementary

Education Program.

16. Ph.D. Dissertation or M.A. Thesis

D’Amato, John

1989 “We Cool, Tha’s Why”: A Study of Personhood

and Place in a Class of Hawaiian Second Graders.

Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Education, University

of Hawai‘i.

17. Paper

Shimahara, Nobuo K.

1998 Mobility and Education of Buraku: The Case

of a Japanese Minority. Paper presented at the Annual

Meeting of the American Anthropological

Association, Chicago, November 18.

Poveda, David

2000 Paths to Participation in Classroom Conversations.

Paper presented at the 7th International

Pragmatics Conference, Budapest, July 9–14.

18. Reprint or Translation

van Gennep, Arnold

1960[1908] The Rites of Passage. Michaela Vizedom

and Mari Caffee, trans. Chicago: University of

Chicago Press.

Bakhtin, Mikhail

1981 The Dialogic Imagination. Caryl Emerson

and Michael Holquist, trans. Austin: University

of Texas Press.

19. Subsequent or Revised Edition

Gallimore, Ronald

1960 Qualitative Methods in Research on Teaching.

In Handbook of Research on Teaching. 3rd edition.

Margaret C. Wittrock, ed. Pp. 119–162. New

York: Macmillan.

Gallimore, Ronald

1962[1960] Qualitative Methods in Research on

Teaching. In Handbook of Research on Teaching.

Rev. edition. Margaret C. Wittrock, ed. Pp. 119–

162. New York: Macmillan.

American Anthropological Association 2009 Style Guide

9

20. Article in Newspaper or Popular

Magazine

Reinhold, Robert

2000 Illegal Aliens Hoping to Claim Their Dreams.

New York Times, November 3: A1, A10.

Editorial

1992 Washington Post, February 14: B2.

Talk of the Town

2000 New Yorker, April 10: 31.

New York Times

2002 In Texas, Ad Heats Up Race for Governor. July

30.

21. Personal Communication

(including e-mail, listserv, and

newsgroup messages and unpublished

interviews)

Should be cited in text citations, with specific date,

but not in references cited:

Horace Smith claims (letter to author, July 12, 1993)

22. Court Case (Chicago 17.283–17.287)

Should be cited in text citations but not in references

cited:

(Doe v. U. Mich., 721 F. Supplement 852 [1989])

23. Electronic/Online Sources

(Chicago 17.4–17.15)

Specific conventions exist for citing different types

of online sources. See Chicago for guidance on citing

online books (17.47, 17.142–17.147), journals

(17.180–17.181), magazines (17.187), newspapers

(17.198), informally published materials (17.234–

17.237), reference works (17.239), multimedia

(17.270), CDs and DVDs (17.271), public documents

(17.357) and databases (17.357–17.359). In addition

to the information typically included in citations,

each electronic resource reference should also include

a URL and date accessed. Where there is no

author per se, the owner of a referenced website may

be listed (see Chicago 17.237). To cite personal communications

completed via electronic media, see example

#21 in this section.

American Anthropological Association

2000[1992] Planning for the Future: Current LongRange

Plan for the American Anthropological

Association. http://www.aaanet.org/committees/

lrp/lrplan.htm, accessed January 18, 2001.

American Anthropological Association

N.d. About AAA. American Anthropological Association.

http://www.aaanet.org/about/, accessed

June 29, 2009.

24. Non-English Publications with Title

Translation (Chicago 17.65)

Pirumova, N. M.

1977 Zemskoe liberal’noe dvizhenie: Sotsial’nye korni

i evoliutsiia do nachala XX veka [The zemstvo

liberal movement: Its social roots and evolution to

the beginning of the twentieth century]. Moscow:

Izdatel’stvo “Nauka.”

25. Audiovisual Recordings and Multimedia

(including published or broadcast

interviews)

Carvajal, Carmela, and David C. Kim, dirs.

1998 High School Parody. 120 min. Paramount Pictures.

Hollywood.

High School Parody

1998 Carmela Carvajal and David C. Kim, dirs. 120

min. Paramount Pictures. Hollywood.

Bush, George W.

2007 Interview by Jim Lehrer. The NewsHour with

Jim Lehrer. PBS, January 16.

Shakur, Tupac

1997 I Wonder if Heaven Got a Ghetto. From R

U Still Down? (remember me). New York: Interscope

Records.

26. Authors of Forewords, Afterwords,

or Introductions

Comaroff, Jean, and John Comaroff

1993 Introduction. In Modernity and Its Malcontents:

Ritual and Power in Postcolonial Africa.

Jean Comaroff and John Comaroff, eds. Pp. xi–

xxxvii. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. •

American Anthropological Association 2009 Style Guide

2200 Wilson boulevard

Suite 600

Arlington, vA 22201–3357

703–528–1902

703–528–3456 fax

www.aaanet.org

January 2009

Access the AAA Style Guide at

www.aaanet.org/publications/guidelines.cfm

2200 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 600

Arlington, VA 22201–3357

703/528–1902

703/528–3456 (fax)

www.aaanet.org