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Hepatitis B is a viral infection caused by the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver. It can cause both acute and chronic diseases, ranging from mild illness to severe liver damage, such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. The virus is highly infectious and can be transmitted through blood and other body fluids. 1. Transmission Bloodborne Transmission: The most common mode of transmission is through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids. This can happen via: Sharing needles (e.g., drug use or medical equipment that isn’t sterilized properly). Blood transfusions with contaminated blood (less common due to modern screening methods). Sexual contact with an infected person, especially if there is an exchange of bodily fluids. Mother to child transmission during childbirth (vertical transmission). Non-bloodborne Transmission: Hepatitis B can also be transmitted through close contact with open wounds or sores of an infected person. Example: “Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through contact with infected blood and bodily fluids. High-risk groups include healthcare workers, intravenous drug users, and individuals with multiple sexual partners. Vertical transmission from mother to child during childbirth is also a significant concern in regions with high HBV prevalence.” 2. Symptoms Acute Hepatitis B: This stage occurs shortly after infection and can present with: Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin and eyes due to liver dysfunction. Fatigue: Extreme tiredness and weakness. Dark urine and light-colored stools. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Some people, especially children, may be asymptomatic. Chronic Hepatitis B: If the infection persists for more than six months, it is considered chronic. Chronic HBV can lead to: Liver inflammation, increasing the risk of liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. Liver failure or liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). Chronic infections are more likely in individuals infected at birth or during early childhood. Example: “While acute Hepatitis B often presents with symptoms like jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain, many individuals—particularly children—may be asymptomatic. Chronic Hepatitis B can result in severe complications like cirrhosis or liver cancer if left untreated.” 3. Diagnosis Blood Tests: Hepatitis B is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the presence of the virus (HBV DNA), antigens (such as HBsAg), and antibodies: HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen): Indicates active infection. Anti-HBs (Hepatitis B surface antibody): Indicates recovery or immunity (from past infection or vaccination). Anti-HBc (Hepatitis B core antibody): Indicates previous or ongoing infection. Example: “Blood tests are essential in diagnosing Hepatitis B, with markers such as HBsAg indicating active infection, while anti-HBs demonstrate immunity either from recovery or vaccination.” 4. Prevention Vaccination: The Hepatitis B vaccine is the most effective way to prevent HBV infection. It is part of routine childhood immunization schedules in many countries and can also be given to adults in high-risk groups. The vaccine is typically given in a series of three doses. Avoiding Risky Behaviors: Preventive measures include: Safe injection practices and proper sterilization of medical equipment. Using condoms during sexual activity. Screening blood products to prevent transmission through transfusion. Mother-to-child transmission prevention: Mothers with HBV are treated with antiviral medications, and newborns Read More …